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Windows
Image Windows
Images are displayed in windows such as the one above. Image windows are created
when you use the New, Open, Import or Duplicate commands. Click in the
Close Box to close the window and free the memory used to store the image.
Hold down the option key when clicking in the Close Box to close all image
windows.
Click in the Zoom Box to switch the window to "Scale to Fit Window" mode
and make it as large as possible, while still maintaining the same aspect
ratio. Restore the window to its original size by clicking again in the
Zoom Box, or by using the Unzoom command. Note that the magnifying glass
and the grabber tools do not work in Scale to Fit mode.
The Grow Box is used for resizing the window. In Scale to Fit mode, the
image will be rescaled to fit any resized window. For magnified images,
you can use the Grow Box to make the window larger than its original size.
A black diamond is displayed in the title bar of spatially calibrated
images and a white diamond if the image is density calibrated.
Map
Use the Map window to optimize the brightness and contrast of images by
modifying the video look-up table. To vary brightness, click and drag inside
the frame. This moves the plot (a piece-wise linear transformation function)
horizontally, changing the Y-intercept while maintaining a fixed slope.
Brightness can also be altered using the 'B' slide control. To change contrast,
click and drag in the margin to move the two end-points that define the
function, or use the 'C' slide control. A good strategy for optimizing the
contrast of an image is to click (outside the frame) in the lower left hand
corner, than drag horizontally to the right until the image starts to saturate.
Similarly, click in the upper right hand corner, and drag horizontally to
the left.
Histogram
The Histogram window displays the gray value histograms produced by
the Show Histogram command. This function shows, for each of the 256 possible
gray values, the number of pixels within the selection that have that
value. The histogram values are dynamically displayed in the Info window
whenever the cursor is over the histogram window. Both the histogram plot
and the 256 data values can be copied to the Clipboard (using Copy) whenever
the histogram window is active. The data values can also be saved to a
text file using the Export command.
Another way to display histograms is to use the macro distributed with
Image (in "Plotting Macros") that displays histograms in
grayscale or color, where each of the 256 columns is drawn in the grayscale
or color that that column represents.
LUT
The LUT window displays the contents of the video Look-Up Table (LUT),
which Image uses to transform each of the 256 possible pixels
values into one of 16 million possible screen colors.
Click in the LUT window with any of the drawing tools to "pick up" a new
drawing (foreground) color. Click with the eraser, or option-click with
any other tool, to pick up a new background color. Select "LUT" in the
Save As dialog box to save the look-up table of the current image.
With the LUT tool (the one with double-headed arrow), click and drag near
the top or bottom of a color table to adjust the contrast of the current
image. Click and drag near the center to adjust brightness. To edit a
color in a color table, double-click on it with the eyedropper tool. All
256 entries in the LUT can be rotated by clicking and dragging with the
option key held down.
Paste Control
The Paste Control window allows you to control how image selections are
pasted, or to do image arithmetic on pasted images. It is only effective
during paste operations. Use the Transfer Mode pop-up menu
to specify the method (Copy , And , Or
, Xor , Replace or Blend ) used to
copy the image during a paste operation. The Paste Control window is activated
by selecting Paste Control from the Windows menu, or by typing command-y.
In the default Copy mode, pasting occurs normally. When And
, Or , or Replace are selected, the selection
is copied to the screen using "And", "Or", or "Replace with Transparency"
modes, respectively, allowing you to see both the object being pasted and
the underlying image. When attempting to align two images, it is usually
easier if one of the images is first converted to binary using Make Binary,
Find Edges, or Dither. Macros are available in the file "More Macros" for
rapidly switching among the different transfer modes.
The foreground color is initially set to black and the background color
to white whenever And , Or , or Replace
are selected, but you are can vary the foreground and background colors
during the paste operation by clicking (or option-clicking) in the LUT window.
This will produce some interesting, and possibly useful, effects. Or
mode can be used to color objects in binary images created by Image
or programs such as by SuperPaint and MacDraw. Simply select the object
you want to color, Copy, switch to Or mode, then select a color
by clicking in the LUT window.
Replace mode replaces the destination pixel with the source
pixel if the source pixel isn't equal to white. Replace mode
is useful for overlaying colored objects with white backgrounds (e.g. text
or plots) onto another image.
In Blend mode, destination pixels are replaced with the arithmetic
average of the source and destination pixels. It is similar to an Add
operation with Scale Math checked. Blend mode,
however, works with true color images, and does not terminate the paste
operation. Color images to be blended must have the same color palette.
Clicking on Add , Subtract , Multiply
or Divide causes the specified image arithmetic operation to
be performed and terminates the paste operation. For example, clicking on
Subtract subtracts the selection being pasted from the current
window. If Scale Math is checked, arithmetic operations are
done in two passes. In the first pass, Image determines the
minimum and maximum gray levels that would result from performing the operation.
In the second pass, the image arithmetic is actually performed and the resulting
pixel values scaled to the range of 0 to 255. Results are clipped to 0 and
255 if Scale Math is not checked. Arithmetic operations are
always done on raw pixel values, ignoring any density calibration that may
be in effect. Add , Subtract , Multiply
and Divide only work with rectangular selections.
Subtraction is probably the most useful arithmetic operation. It can be
used to subtract the background (the image with features of interest removed
from view) from an image. It can also be used to detect differences between
two images or for motion analysis.
Selecting Live Paste causes the currently pasted selection
to use "live" TV camera input. The selection must have been copied from
the Camera window and pasted into some other window.
Use the arrow keys to "nudge" the selection currently being pasted in any
of four direction by a single pixel. You can get interesting effects, including
an embossed look similar to a bas-relief, by using the arrow keys to offset
an image by one pixel, and then subtracting it from itself. To see how this
works, try Select All (command-a), Copy (command-c), Paste (command-v),
down arrow, right arrow, and Subtract .
Plot
The Plot window is created, or updated, by the density profile tool, the
Plot Profile command, or the Calibrate command. Use the Grow Box in the
lower right corner of the window to make the plot larger (or smaller). The
Plot window must be the currently active window in order to Print or Copy
the current plot. To activate the Plot window, click on it, or select Plot
from the Windows menu. When active, the Plot window's title bar will be
highlighted (as show above), and Plot will be checked in the Windows menu.
The current plot can be copied to the Clipboard using the Copy command.
Once on the Clipboard, the plot can be pasted into an image window, or into
another application. The plot is copied to the Clipboard in both graphic
and text formats. The Graphic form will be used if you paste into a program
that deals primarily with graphics, such as MacDraw. The text form (i.e.
the pixel values) will be used if you paste into a program that is text
oriented, such as Excel.
Whenever the cursor is over the Plot window, X (the pixel location) and
Y (the pixel value) coordinate values are continuously displayed in the
Info window. In the case of calibration plots, X is the uncalibrated pixel
value (in the range 0-255) and Y is the calibrated value. For straight line
selections, holding down the mouse button in the plot window causes a cross
hair cursor to appear in the corresponding part of the image.
Several aspects of profile plots, such as y-axis scaling and plot size,
can be changed using the Profile Plot Options command.
Info
The Info window displays the current cursor position and value, measurement
results, and status messages. The values displayed at top of the window
(e.g. X , Y and Value ) are dynamically
updated and have different meanings depending on which window the cursor
is in.
Image Window - X and Y are the current cursor coordinates,
where the origin is at the lower left-hand corner and positive X
is to the right and positive Y is up. (Note, you can change
the origin to the upper left using the Preferences command.) Value
is the gray value of the pixel at the current X-Y coordinates. Gray values
range from 0 (white) to 255 (black). For density calibrated images, Value
is the calibrated pixel value and the gray value is shown in parenthesis.
In the case of color images, Value is the index used by the
color look-up table.
LUT Window - Index is the look-up table index
at the cursor location. RGB are the associated red, green,
and blue brightness values in the look-up table. You can use this information
to help you set the foreground or background grayscale, or color, to a specific
grayscale value or index. When using the LUT tool, Lower and
Upper are the lower and upper LUT indexes of the current grayscale
or color look-up table.
Map Window - When manipulating the Map, Lower
and Upper are the lower and upper LUT indexes of the current
grayscale or color look-up table.
Histogram Window - X is the current x-axis
(grayscale) value and Y is the number of pixels in the selection
which have that value.
Plot Window - X is the pixel location and
Y is the corresponding plot y value. For calibration plots, X
is the uncalibrated pixel value (in the range 0-255) and Y
is the calibrated value.
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