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Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
In 1983, a Harvard psychologist, Howard Gardner, set forth the theory of
multiple intelligences in his book, Frames of Mind. According to
Howard Gardner's theory, all people possess seven distinct sets of capabilities.
Gardner emphasized that these intelligences work in concert, not in isolation.
The seven intelligences are:
Spatial
The ability to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to perform
transformations upon one's perceptions. This intelligence is highly developed
in hunters, scouts, guides, interior designers, architects, artists, and
inventors.
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Expertise in using one's whole body to express ideas and feelings, and
facility in using one's hands to produce or transform things. Highly developed
in actors, mimes, athletes, dancers, craftspersons, sculptors, mechanics
and surgeons.
Musical
The capacity to perceive, discriminate, transform, and express musical
forms. Highly developed in musical performers, aficionados and critics.
Linguistic
The capacity to use words effectively, either orally or in writing. Highly
developed in story-tellers, orators, politicians, poets, playwrights,
editors and journalists.
Logical-Mathematical
The capacity to use numbers effectively and to reason well. Highly developed
in mathematicians, tax accountants, statisticians, scientists, computer
programmers and logicians.
Interpersonal
The ability to perceive and make distinctions in the moods, intentions,
motivations, and feelings of other people. This intelligence can include
sensitivity to facial expressions, voice, and gestures, as well as the
ability to respond effectively to such cues - to influence other people,
for example.
Intrapersonal
Self-knowledge and the ability to act adaptively on the basis of that
knowledge. This intelligence includes having an accurate picture of one's
strengths and limitations, awareness of one's moods and motivations and
the capacity for self-discipline.
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